Ambrose of Milan

Ambrosius Mediolanensis

bishop|340–397|Milan
Ambrose of Milan (c. 340–397) was the bishop who taught the Roman Empire that the church could say no to emperors. A provincial governor who was elected bishop by popular acclamation before he was even baptized, Ambrose combined the administrative instincts of a Roman official with the moral authority of a Christian pastor to become the most politically powerful churchman of the fourth century. His confrontation with Emperor Theodosius I after the massacre at Thessalonica — forcing the emperor to do public penance — established a precedent that would echo through Western history. His surviving letters — just 13 in this collection, though more exist in the broader corpus — cover church governance, doctrinal disputes, and the relationship between church and state. They reveal a man of immense moral certainty and considerable political skill, equally comfortable writing a theological treatise and managing a confrontation with imperial power. His most famous letter to his sister Marcellina describes his discovery of the relics of Saints Gervasius and Protasius — a masterpiece of pastoral drama. Ambrose matters because he defined the role of the Western bishop as an independent moral authority. His letters show us a man who genuinely believed that a bishop's duty was to speak truth to power, regardless of the political consequences — and who had the courage and the skill to back that belief up. His voice is confident, authoritative, and occasionally magnificent: the voice of a man who knew he was shaping the future.
119
Letters sent
3
Letters received
122
Total letters
10
Correspondents

Top correspondents

All letters (122)

From Basil of Caesareac. 368

1. The gifts of the Lord are ever great and many; in greatness beyond measure, in number incalculable. To those who are not insensible of His mercy one of the greatest of these gifts is that of which I am now availing myself, the opportunity allowed us, far apart in place though we be, of addressing one another by letter.

basil caesarea #197
To Emperor Valentinianc. 377

To the most merciful Emperors, the Christian and most glorious princes Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius — from...

ambrose milan #3
To Emperor Valentinianc. 378

To the most merciful, Christian, and glorious princes Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius — from the Council...

ambrose milan #4
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 379

To the most blessed Emperor and most merciful prince Theodosius — Ambrose and the other bishops of Italy.

ambrose milan #5
To Emperor Valentinianc. 380

This Epistle was written when Symmachus sent his memorial to Valentinian II. St. Ambrose presses on the Emperor the consideration that it is his business to defend religion, and not superstition.

ambrose milan #50017
To Emperor Valentinianc. 380

Reply of St. Ambrose to the Memorial of Symmachus, in which after complimenting Valentinian he deals with three points of the Memorial. He replies to his opponent's personification of Rome in a singularly telling manner, and proves that the famine spoken of by Symmachus had nothing to do with the cessation of heathen rites.

ambrose milan #50019
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 381

To the most blessed Emperor and most merciful prince Theodosius — Ambrose and the other bishops of Italy.

ambrose milan #6
To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 381

St. Ambrose relates to his sister the events at Milan connected with the demand of the Arians for a basilica, and how the people rose up in opposition. Then that on the second day the basilica had been occupied by soldiers, who however fraternized with the Catholics.

ambrose milan #20
To Emperor Valentinianc. 382

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most blessed prince and most Christian Emperor Valentinian.

ambrose milan #7
To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 382

St. Ambrose in a letter to his sister gives an account of the finding of the bodies of SS. Gervasius and Protasius, and of his addresses to the people on that occasion.

ambrose milan #22
To Emperor Valentinianc. 383

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most blessed prince and most merciful Emperor Valentinian.

ambrose milan #8
To Gratianc. 385

To the most gracious Emperor and most blessed Augustus, Gratian — Ambrose, Bishop, sends greetings.

ambrose milan #1
To Gratianc. 385

To the most gracious Emperor Gratian — Ambrose, Bishop.

ambrose milan #2
To Emperor Valentinianc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor and most blessed Augustus Valentinian.

ambrose milan #9
To Vigilius, of Trentc. 385

My dear brother, you have been given a difficult see, and I write to encourage you as you begin your work.

ambrose milan #19
To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385

Your question about paradise deserves a careful answer, for the subject touches both history and mystery.

ambrose milan #24
To Studiusc. 385

You have asked, as a man educated in philosophy, how Christians can believe in the resurrection of the body.

ambrose milan #25
To Irenaeusc. 385

I have heard of your grief, my friend, and I share it.

ambrose milan #26
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Brothers and sisters, I am distressed to learn that the peace I hoped for in your church has been shattered again.

ambrose milan #27
To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385

Forgive the delay in writing back.

ambrose milan #28
To Horontianusc. 385

You have asked me about the story of Cain and Abel, and why God accepted Abel's offering but rejected Cain's.

ambrose milan #29
To Horontianusc. 385

Let me continue our conversation about Genesis by turning to Noah and the flood.

ambrose milan #30
To Horontianusc. 385

Abraham is the father of faith, and his story is our story.

ambrose milan #31
To Horontianusc. 385

Ambrose to Horontianus — greetings in the Lord.

ambrose milan #32
To Horontianusc. 385

Jacob is the wrestler, and his story is the story of the soul that refuses to let go of God.

ambrose milan #33
To Horontianusc. 385

Ambrose to Horontianus — greetings in the Lord.

ambrose milan #34
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the faithful at Milan.

ambrose milan #35
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the faithful of Milan.

ambrose milan #36
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Tobit was a righteous man living in exile, and his story teaches us what righteousness looks like under pressure.

ambrose milan #37
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

David is Scripture's great case study in the coexistence of greatness and sin.

ambrose milan #38
To Horontianusc. 385

The story of Jonah is one of the strangest in Scripture, and therefore one of the most important.

ambrose milan #39
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

I have given you many sermons, brothers and sisters, and in most of them I have tried to teach, to instruct, to...

ambrose milan #42
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, continuing his discourse on the death of his brother Satyrus.

ambrose milan #43
To The newly baptized of Milanc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to those newly born in Christ through the waters of baptism.

ambrose milan #44
To The newly baptized of Milanc. 385

I spoke to you yesterday about what happened at the font.

ambrose milan #45
To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385

You asked about Psalm 118, and I confess it is a psalm I return to constantly — not because it is easy, but because...

ambrose milan #46
To Gratianc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Gratian.

ambrose milan #47
To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385

Ambrose to Sabinus — greetings in the Lord.

ambrose milan #48
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Consider the widow of Zarephath.

ambrose milan #50
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

There are those who say the Church has no power to forgive sins committed after baptism.

ambrose milan #52
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

The pagans call death the supreme evil.

ambrose milan #53
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

"Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked, nor stand in the way of sinners, nor sit in the...

ambrose milan #55
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

The Emperor Julian [Julian "the Apostate," 361-363, who attempted to reverse the Christianization of the empire]...

ambrose milan #58
To Severus, of Aquileiac. 385

I commend to your care the bearer of this letter, a member of our Milanese clergy whom I am sending on business that...

ambrose milan #59
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the faithful of Milan — on the death of the Emperor Valentinian.

ambrose milan #60
To Horontianusc. 385

You asked why the righteous suffer, and there is no better place to begin than the book of Job.

ambrose milan #64
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

The Emperor Gratian is dead, murdered by the treachery of men who owed him loyalty [Gratian was betrayed by his own...

ambrose milan #65
To Romulusc. 385

You have asked about the status of widows in the Church, and your question comes at a good time, because the matter...

ambrose milan #66
To Simplicianusc. 385

Your conversation last week stayed with me, and I want to set down in writing what I could not say adequately in person.

ambrose milan #67
To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Valentinian.

ambrose milan #68
To Patiensc. 385

You have written about the difficult case in your diocese — the cleric who has fallen into serious sin — and you ask...

ambrose milan #69
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

"Do not fret because of evildoers; do not envy those who do wrong.

ambrose milan #70
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

I write to you about a matter that has long concerned me: the speed with which imperial sentences are carried out.

ambrose milan #71
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

You live in a city that sits at the crossroads of the empire, and every idea — good and bad — passes through Milan.

ambrose milan #72
To Clementianusc. 385

You have written to me about your anger, and I respect your honesty.

ambrose milan #73
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

Your Clemency has proposed that a council be convened to settle certain disputed matters.

ambrose milan #74
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

"Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth" (Song of Songs 1:2).

ambrose milan #75
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

At Pentecost we celebrate the gift of the Holy Spirit, and I want you to understand what that gift means for your...

ambrose milan #76
To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385

I am writing from my bed, which should tell you all you need to know about my current condition.

ambrose milan #77
To Felix, of Messana (Messene)c. 385

You have asked for my guidance on managing the endowments left to your church by deceased benefactors.

ambrose milan #79
To Belliciusc. 385

I understand your hesitation.

ambrose milan #80
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the faithful — on the death of the Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #81
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Helena, mother of Constantine, went to Jerusalem and found the cross [according to the tradition that Ambrose helped...

ambrose milan #82
To His sister Marcellinac. 385

Today marks another anniversary of your consecration, and I cannot let it pass without writing to you.

ambrose milan #83
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

"The earth belongs to the Lord, and everything in it" (Psalm 24:1).

ambrose milan #84
To Theophilus, of Alexandriac. 385

The distance between Milan and Alexandria is great, but the faith that unites us is greater.

ambrose milan #85
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

I return to the subject of penance because the Novatianists return to their attacks.

ambrose milan #86
To Vigilius, of Trentc. 385

Ambrose to Vigilius — greetings in the Lord.

ambrose milan #87
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

I have preached on Psalm 119 for many weeks now, and it is time to draw the threads together.

ambrose milan #88
To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385

You have asked what I think of Jerome's new translation [Jerome was in the process of producing what would become...

ambrose milan #89
To Honoriusc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most gracious Emperor Honorius.

ambrose milan #90
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the faithful of Milan.

ambrose milan #91
To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385

To the most blessed and glorious Christian Emperors — Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius — from the bishops...

ambrose milan #50003
To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385

To the most merciful Emperors, Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius — the Council of Aquileia.

ambrose milan #50004
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

To the most merciful Emperor Theodosius — from the Council assembled at Aquileia.

ambrose milan #50005
To Arian argumentsc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to his brothers and fellow bishops throughout Aemilia — greetings in the Lord.

ambrose milan #50006
To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most blessed Emperor Valentinian.

ambrose milan #50007
To His sister Marcellinac. 385

You will have heard reports of what has happened here, and I want you to have the truth from me directly, not from...

ambrose milan #50008
To His sister Marcellinac. 385

I wrote to you recently about the siege of the basilica.

ambrose milan #50009
To Gratianc. 385

To the most gracious Emperor Gratian — Ambrose, Bishop.

ambrose milan #50010
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most clement Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #50011
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

You know, most merciful Emperor, that I spoke to you recently about the matter of Callinicum.

ambrose milan #50012
To Chromatius, Jovinus, and Eusebiusc. 385

My dear brother, your letter brought me great joy.

ambrose milan #50013
To Christian community at Vercellic. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the church of God established at Vercelli — greetings in the Lord.

ambrose milan #50015
To Gratianc. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Gratian.

ambrose milan #50016
To Irenaeusc. 385

You have written to ask how we should understand certain passages of Scripture that appear to subordinate the Son to...

ambrose milan #50018
To His sister Marcellinac. 385

You ask me to write down what I have been preaching about virginity, and since you are the one person whose example...

ambrose milan #50020
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the faithful of Milan.

ambrose milan #50021
To Gratianc. 385

To the Emperor Gratian — Ambrose, Bishop.

ambrose milan #50022
To His sister Marcellinac. 385

You wanted to know how the feast of Saint Agnes went.

ambrose milan #50023
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #50040
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

I thank you, most merciful Emperor, for your willingness to reconsider the matter of Callinicum.

ambrose milan #50041
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Theodosius — written in my own hand, for your eyes alone.

ambrose milan #50051
To The usurper Eugeniusc. 385

You have written to me requesting that I meet with you.

ambrose milan #50057
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #50061
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385

Your Clemency has done what I asked: you have shown mercy to the defeated supporters of Eugenius.

ambrose milan #50062
To Church of Neocaesareac. 385

The mystery of the Trinity is the foundation of everything we believe, and I want to set it out as clearly as I can.

ambrose milan #50063
To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 386

To my sister, dearer to me than eyes and life.

ambrose milan #10
To Emperor Valentinianc. 388

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Valentinian.

ambrose milan #11
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 388

St. Ambrose begs Theodosius to listen to him, as he cannot be silent without great risk to both. He points out that Theodosius though God-fearing may be led astray, and points out that his decision respecting the restoration of the Jewish synagogue is full of peril, exposing the bishop to the danger of either acting against the truth or of death.

ambrose milan #40
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 389

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful prince and most blessed Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #12
To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 389

St. Ambrose in this letter to his sister continues the account of the matters contained in his letter to Theodosius, and of a sermon which he subsequently delivered before the Emperor, with the result that the Emperor, when St. Ambrose refused to offer the Sacrifice before receiving a promise that the objectionable order should be revoked, yielded.

ambrose milan #41
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 390

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most august Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #13
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 392

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #14
To The usurper Eugeniusc. 393

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor Eugenius.

ambrose milan #15
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 393

Addressed to the Emperor Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica. St. Ambrose begins by stating his reasons for not having met the Emperor on his return to Milan.

ambrose milan #51
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 394

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #16
To Emperor Eugeniusc. 395

St. Ambrose informs the Emperor Eugenius why he was absent from Milan. He then proceeds to reprove him for his conduct with regard to heathen worship.

ambrose milan #57
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 396

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Theodosius.

ambrose milan #17
To The usurper Eugeniusc. 397

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor Eugenius.

ambrose milan #18
To Church of Neocaesareac. 397

Limenius, Bishop of Vercellæ, having died, the see remained long vacant owing to domestic factions. St. Ambrose, therefore, as Exarch, writes to the Christians at Vercellæ, and commences by reference to the speedy and unanimous election of Eusebius, a former Bishop, and reminds them of the presence of Christ as a reason for concord.

ambrose milan #63
From Sidonius Apollinarisc. 460

Your Holiness has prevailed with Christ through the power of intercession on behalf of our dearest friend -- why...

sidonius apollinaris #6
From Ruricius of Limogesc. 502

The apostolic precepts remind us that to those from whom we receive divine gifts, we should offer earthly ones...

ruricius limoges #2044