Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

senator|345–402|Rome
Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (c. 345–402) was the last great champion of Rome's pagan aristocracy — a senator, orator, and prolific letter writer who treated correspondence the way a modern politician treats networking. Born into one of Rome's most powerful families, he served as proconsul of Africa, urban prefect of Rome, and consul, always moving in the circles where old money and old religion still held sway. His most famous moment was the appeal to restore the Altar of Victory to the Roman Senate house in 384, a cause he lost to Ambrose of Milan — but one that crystallized the final confrontation between paganism and Christianity at the highest levels of Roman government. His surviving letters — nearly 900 of them, the largest collection from any late Roman figure — are a masterclass in aristocratic self-presentation. They are polished, elegant, and almost pathologically discreet: Symmachus rarely says anything controversial, rarely reveals strong emotion, and almost never discusses politics directly. What he does, constantly, is maintain relationships. He recommends friends for appointments, congratulates colleagues on promotions, exchanges literary compliments, and arranges the spectacles for his son's praetorian games with almost obsessive attention to detail (including a memorable disaster involving crocodiles). His correspondents include nearly every important figure of late fourth-century Rome. What makes Symmachus historically significant is precisely what makes him frustrating to read: the letters reveal how Rome's elite actually functioned. This was a world held together by favors, recommendations, and carefully maintained social networks — and Symmachus was its supreme practitioner. His letters are the closest thing we have to watching the Roman aristocracy work in real time, and they show a class of people who believed, right up to the end, that civilization meant keeping up appearances.
587
Letters sent
8
Letters received
595
Total letters
10
Correspondents

Top correspondents

All letters (595)

To Baulic. 365

This is a letter where the social gap between us actually shapes what we write.

symmachus #1002
To Aleviumc. 365

I'm overjoyed to hear you're well and that you haven't forgotten our friendship amid the hardships of public business.

symmachus #8002
To Dionysiumc. 365

[To an unnamed friend] I'm renewing my recommendation of Euscius, not starting one from scratch — when you were in...

symmachus #9001
To Stilichonemc. 367

Your silence has been long, and I've endured it patiently in the hope that you'd eventually write.

symmachus #4005
To Campaniac. 368

I'm in good spirits now that you've remembered your promise and set out.

symmachus #1008
To Navcelliumc. 368

I received your letter with such pleasure — coming as it did after a long silence — that I confess I've completely...

symmachus #3008
To Romec. 368

This letter spans several pages and is heavily interspersed with critical apparatus.

symmachus #8006
To Baulic. 369

For some time now the silent Lucrine waters have been longing for you, and the smooth bay of Baiae, and Puteoli...

symmachus #1009
To Protadiumc. 369

The opportunity of a reliable carrier has given me a chance to pay you my respects by letter.

symmachus #4009
To Magnillumc. 369

[To a friend about Anastasius] You know our friend Anastasius well — you've seen him often in your own home.

symmachus #5008
To Evdoxiumc. 369

It serves the public interest that greater responsibilities have been entrusted to you.

symmachus #8008
To Magnillumc. 370

I was glad to learn from your letter that everything is going well for you and that your public responsibilities are...

symmachus #5011
To Antiochumc. 370

This letter contains multiple sections interspersed with critical apparatus.

symmachus #8011
To Campaniac. 371

...so that we may hear good news of your health and your affairs, and pass this short time we plan to spend in...

symmachus #1012
To Rome andc. 371

Your servant delivered two letters from you, and I would be guilty of bad faith if I did not reply in kind.

symmachus #3012
To Protadiusc. 371

You know that our silence is an equal offense on both sides, and so the blame is unfairly placed on me alone for...

symmachus #4012
To Protadiusc. 371

To a friend (~371 AD):

symmachus #4013
To Pastinatumc. 371

Among the good things parents leave behind, friendship too deserves to be inherited -- and perhaps one should pursue...

symmachus #8012
To Strategiumc. 371

May this custom endure, and may the mutual assurance of well-being be renewed between us year after year.

symmachus #8013
To A friend in Spain (name lost)c. 371

Other letters of mine have been chasing you across Spain -- I had assumed you were living there because of the...

symmachus #9012
To Spartan brevityc. 372

You ask me for longer letters.

symmachus #1015
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 372

When I was surveying in writing the civil and military achievements of our lord Theodosius [Emperor Theodosius I, r.

symmachus #2014
To Minervius and Alexanderc. 372

My friend Gaudentius has taken refuge in your protection -- a man who deserves to be loved in every respect.

symmachus #4014
To Attalumc. 372

...I entered Milan on the day before the Kalends of March [February 28], after a long and winding detour.

symmachus #7015
To A friend in Spain (name lost)c. 372

I take great pleasure whenever I receive one of your letters.

symmachus #9013
To Protadiusc. 373

I owe it to men of proven worth to recommend them to you, since admission to your circle of friends is a supreme gift.

symmachus #4017
To Campaniac. 373

While you are busy relieving the hardships of the provincials, a heavier blow has fallen on the Apulians.

symmachus #9015
To Florentinus and others (multiple letters)c. 374

To a friend: Even when I was staying in Milan, I observed the courtesy of greeting you, and now that I have...

symmachus #4018
To Campaniac. 374

To our friend Castor, who is returning to Campania, I've entrusted more verbal instructions about household matters...

symmachus #6018
To Campaniac. 374

If you know my heart at all, you can't doubt that poor health was the only thing keeping me from writing.

symmachus #8017
To Romanumc. 374

My son is out of danger, thank God, but he's suffering from a weakness that borders on illness.

symmachus #8018
To Florentinus and others (multiple letters)c. 375

You excuse yourself for your long silence.

symmachus #4019
To Spartan brevityc. 375

Your letter was trimmed to Spartan brevity but overflows with substance.

symmachus #5019
To Serviumc. 375

And if fortune favors, I'll follow the letter in person soon.

symmachus #8019
To Dionysiumc. 375

Break into the gifts of familiar writing and share with me whatever you've accomplished in administering the city's...

symmachus #8020
To A friend in Spain (name lost)c. 376

I reap annual harvests of joy from your letters -- this is the return, these are the riches that Spain pays me.

symmachus #4021
To Caecilianusc. 377

I ask that, having been admitted into your clientele, he may be glad both that my patronage has been of use to him...

symmachus #9023
To Vitalianus, Chancellor of Lucania and Bruttiumc. 378

My dear Zenodorus doesn't yet know you in person, but your reputation has already won his admiration.

symmachus #6026
To Eusignius and others (multiple short letters)c. 379

I had long been waiting for your letters, uncertain in my mind about what so prolonged a silence might mean.

symmachus #4028
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 381

...and you care for me, but I worry that you might take up some fight on my behalf while I'm away and draw hostility...

symmachus #2031
To Evsigniumc. 381

The results will show how much your diligence has accomplished for the public good, once unnecessary expenditures...

symmachus #4032
To Ambrose and others (multiple short letters)c. 382

My brothers Dorotheus and Septimius, praiseworthy men, carried a single letter from you.

symmachus #3034
To Campania onc. 382

Whatever we were hoping for from Sicily is still uncertain.

symmachus #6034
To Atticumc. 382

Neither the departure of our distinguished brother Proelianus allowed me to stay silent, nor would my own affection...

symmachus #7033
To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 382

Although I know that modesty is kin to virtue, I nevertheless wished to find in the letters of your highness an...

symmachus #9033
To Ausonius Correctorc. 383

SYMMACHUS TO AUSONIUS:

symmachus #1036
To Caecilianusc. 383

My son Caecilianus, a distinguished man currently managing the grain supply of our common fatherland, has learned...

symmachus #3037
To Felix and others (multiple short letters)c. 383

Our brother Helpidius was called away not only by desire for your company but also by the consul's letter.

symmachus #5035
To Campaniac. 383

You're trying to lure me out of Campania's embrace with praises of your Tiburtine estate.

symmachus #7035
To Campaniac. 384

I've been idle for some time in the retreats of Campania and had no opportunity to write.

symmachus #1040
To Deciumc. 384

After the customary greeting, I'll pass along the request of Gaetulicus, an agent in rebus [an imperial courier and...

symmachus #7038
To Ausonius Correctorc. 386

I know this letter will reach you late — either because of the duties that will keep you busy for a while, or...

symmachus #1044
To Campaniac. 386

You were joking, I think, when you wrote that you'd been frightened by soldiers on the road -- a transparent excuse...

symmachus #7042
To Rome andc. 386

Fortune often upsets the best-laid plans -- and that's exactly what happened to me.

symmachus #7043
To Campaniac. 386

You've been free of public duties for some time -- you should have returned in person rather than soothing your...

symmachus #7044
To Campaniac. 387

I recently received a letter from Euscius reporting that our charioteers and some stage performers have been put...

symmachus #6045
To Patriciumc. 387

Friendship was invented so that the exchange of favors might serve mutual benefit.

symmachus #7047
To Evtropiumc. 388

...simply put, the situation demands that the discomfort of being away from home should make you appreciate what you...

symmachus #3048
To Evtropiumc. 388

It is superfluous labor to recommend the conspicuous -- like holding a torch before someone standing in sunlight.

symmachus #3050
To Spartan brevityc. 389

I was overjoyed to hear that your health has been restored — your well-being is always my highest wish.

symmachus #1051
To Campaniac. 389

Our reasons for not writing are different, but the result is the same.

symmachus #1053
To Evtropiumc. 389

I am staying in Milan for the moment, summoned for the ceremonies of our lord Valentinian's inaugural consulship.

symmachus #3051
To Campaniac. 389

I've already used up my writing time with the servant heading back to Campania, but I didn't want your saintly and...

symmachus #6052
To Baiae toc. 390

Good gods, how nothing is safe or certain for us mortals!

symmachus #1054
To Ricomeremc. 390

I could have borne your silence patiently, knowing your habits, had not the fear of illness made me anxious.

symmachus #3053
To Liciniumc. 390

I delight in the regular frequency of your letters and draw abundant joy from this gift.

symmachus #5054
To Messalamc. 390

I've been writing frequently these past days, but no amount of letters can satisfy the heart of someone who truly cares.

symmachus #7055
To Ricomeremc. 391

I have exchanged the leisure of home for a pleasant journey abroad, traveling at the command of our lord Valentinian.

symmachus #3056
To Ricomeremc. 391

I testify that my servant Firmus has completed his military service with honor.

symmachus #3057
To your Excellency our son Ruffinus, Provost of Cirtac. 391

I don't mind writing to Your Excellency often, even though I've received nothing in return.

symmachus #3058
To Promotumc. 392

The sight of your family will certainly fill you with joy.

symmachus #3060
To Rome andc. 392

Since our dear Sibidius returned to Rome and reported how badly my daughter is suffering physically, my own spirits...

symmachus #6060
To Messalamc. 392

I believe my letter reached you some time ago, explaining that my friend Iucundus, though eager for your judgment,...

symmachus #7059
To Promotumc. 393

Your letters have pushed me to do what I was already longing to do -- to openly seek the friendship I had long been...

symmachus #3063
To Helpidiumc. 393

You have been silent for a long time, but I must not imitate such an example.

symmachus #5061
To Longinianumc. 393

I feel the affection you think it right to return, but I'm deeply surprised that you suspect my son Flavianus -- who...

symmachus #7061
To Petroniumc. 393

...may he carry back your lasting affection and a greeting in return.

symmachus #7062
To Campaniac. 394

Our Senate's delegates have returned after handling everything successfully.

symmachus #6065
To Patrvinumc. 395

I make a point of writing to you often, so it never seems my care for our friendship has cooled.

symmachus #7068
To Patrvinumc. 396

I know it speaks to our friendship that I involve you in my difficulties.

symmachus #7069
To Lollianumc. 397

Your letter has kept me in suspense, and I'm anxious to hear encouraging news.

symmachus #7074
To Caecilianusc. 398

My friends Magnus and Magnillus have a petition I've agreed to support.

symmachus #1076
From Avitus of Viennec. 490

Avitus, bishop, to Faustus and Symmachus, senators of the city of Rome.

avitus vienne #2001
From Ennodius of Paviac. 493

A good commander knows to encourage the proven valor of a soldier who has been tested in battle, so that courage,...

ennodius pavia #4001
From Ennodius of Paviac. 499

[Pope Symmachus (r. 498-514) was a pope whom Ennodius energetically defended during the disputed papal election of...

ennodius pavia #4008
From Ennodius of Paviac. 501

While the apostolic see is graced by the care of Your Holiness's crown, and the heavenly governance of the Church...

ennodius pavia #5010
From Ennodius of Paviac. 511

Although the distinguished Laurentius attends to your cause with the devotion it deserves, I add my own voice — not...

ennodius pavia #4022
From Ennodius of Paviac. 518

A necessary matter of practical importance has prompted this letter.

ennodius pavia #8032
From Ennodius of Paviac. 520

Petition is never ineffective when it reaches a man of justice and compassion.

ennodius pavia #8038
From Pope Gregory the Greatc. 590

My son Boniface the deacon has told me that your Experience had written to say that a monastery built by Labina, a religious lady, is now ready for monks to be settled in it. And indeed I praised your solicitude; but we wish that some other place than that which has been assigned for the purpose should be provided; but with the condition, in vie...

gregory great #1052