Synesius of Cyrene

Synesius Cyrenensis

philosopher-bishop|370–413|Ptolemais, Cyrenaica (Libya)
Synesius of Cyrene (c. 370–c. 413) was one of the most colorful figures of the late Roman world — a Neoplatonic philosopher, gentleman farmer, and reluctant bishop who never quite gave up his love of hunting, philosophy, or his pet astrolabe. Born into an old Libyan aristocratic family that claimed descent from Spartan colonists, he studied under the great Hypatia in Alexandria, served as ambassador to Constantinople where he delivered a bold speech criticizing the emperor, and was eventually elected bishop of Ptolemais in Cyrenaica despite openly admitting he was not sure he believed in the resurrection of the body. His letters — about 160 survive — are among the most personally revealing from late antiquity. He writes with wit and warmth about everything: a near-shipwreck on a voyage from Alexandria, his experiments with hydroscopes, his efforts to defend his province against nomadic raiders, his grief at the death of his children, and his philosophical reflections on everything from dreams to the nature of the soul. His correspondents include Hypatia herself, military commanders, fellow bishops, and old friends from his student days. Synesius matters because he shows us what it was like to be a thoughtful, cultured person living through the slow unraveling of Roman order in a provincial backwater. His letters are honest, vivid, and deeply human — the testimony of a man who loved life, loved ideas, and found himself responsible for a community he could barely protect. Of all the late antique letter writers, Synesius is the one you most want to have dinner with.
159
Letters sent
0
Letters received
159
Total letters
10
Correspondents

Top correspondents

All letters (159)

To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 394

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #3
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 394

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #4
To Philosopherc. 394

To the Philosopher [Hypatia].

synesius cyrene #33
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 394

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #51
To Theodorus and Sisterc. 395

How do you think I felt when a rumor swept through town that you were battling a dangerous — possibly catastrophic —...

synesius cyrene #7
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 395

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #8
To Philosopherc. 395

To the Philosopher [Hypatia].

synesius cyrene #16
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 395

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #55
To Herculianc. 395

If Homer had told us that Odysseus benefited from his wanderings by seeing many towns and learning the minds of...

synesius cyrene #137
To Herculianc. 395

I once heard one of our brilliant speakers praising the practice of letter-writing.

synesius cyrene #138
To Herculianc. 395

If there is such a sting of persuasion in your letters — if even without your living presence and charm, the images...

synesius cyrene #139
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 396

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #32
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 396

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #35
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 396

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #36
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 396

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #54
To Aurelian of Arlesc. 397

I believe your divine soul was sent into this world for the common good of humanity — and you should be grateful to...

synesius cyrene #38
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 397

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #39
To Uranius, Governor of Cyprusc. 397

I have just sent you a present: a horse that is perfect in every quality a horse should have.

synesius cyrene #40
To Aurelian of Arlesc. 398

Providence has not yet turned its attention to the Romans — but it will, someday.

synesius cyrene #34
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 398

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #50
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 398

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #52
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 398

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #53
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 399

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #56
To Troilusc. 399

Praise and love cannot be explained by the same motives, and they are not governed by the same faculties of the soul.

synesius cyrene #112
To Aurelian of Arlesc. 400

If cities have souls — and they must, with their divine guardians and spirits — then you can be sure those spirits...

synesius cyrene #31
To Avitus of Viennec. 400

To the Bishops.

synesius cyrene #58
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 400

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #65
To Troilusc. 400

You are both a philosopher and a compassionate man.

synesius cyrene #73
To Pylaemenesc. 401

I had a large Egyptian rug — not the kind you put under a bedspread, but one fine enough to use as a bedspread itself.

synesius cyrene #61
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 401

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #82
To Chrysesc. 401

I am not recommending the charming Gerontius to your friendship merely because he is related to my children —...

synesius cyrene #83
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 401

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #84
To Pylaemenesc. 401

Some letters dated last spring have just arrived from Thrace.

synesius cyrene #88
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 401

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #104
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 401

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #120
To Nicanderc. 402

I have fathered children in my books — some by the noble Philosophy, some by her temple-companion Poetry, and others...

synesius cyrene #1
To Philosopherc. 402

To the Philosopher [Hypatia].

synesius cyrene #15
To Heliodorusc. 402

May every blessing fall on the man — whoever he is — who extols your merit with such pious devotion.

synesius cyrene #17
To Anastasiusc. 402

To Anastasius [one of Synesius's closest friends and an important courtier in Constantinople, tutor to the children...

synesius cyrene #43
To Pylaemenesc. 402

I have just sent you my treatise [A Eulogy of Baldness], written in Attic style and finished with care.

synesius cyrene #74
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 402

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #85
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 402

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #86
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 402

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #87
To Pylaemenesc. 402

Here at last is that Anastasius [one of my dearest friends and an important courtier in Constantinople, tutor to the...

synesius cyrene #100
To Pylaemenesc. 402

A man from Phycus — a harbor of the Cyrenaeans — brought me a letter written in your name.

synesius cyrene #101
To Pylaemenesc. 402

I ask your friendship and protection for my dear Sosenas — born and raised amid learning, yet not meeting with the...

synesius cyrene #102
To Pylaemenesc. 402

No, my dear Pylaemenes — I call the god who presides over our friendship to witness — I never dreamed of ridiculing...

synesius cyrene #103
To Pylaemenesc. 402

Believe me when I say that I embrace Pylaemenes — soul to soul.

synesius cyrene #152
To Heliodorusc. 403

The power of love's spell only grows stronger in me as I age.

synesius cyrene #25
To Pentadius Augustalisc. 403

To Pentadius the Augustalis [the governor of Egypt].

synesius cyrene #29
To Pentadius Augustalisc. 403

I am worried about two people: about you, that you may not commit an injustice; and about this man, that he may not...

synesius cyrene #30
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 403

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #89
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 403

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #92
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 403

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #95
To Olympiusc. 403

How do you think I received your welcome letters — I who was thirsting to hear from you?

synesius cyrene #98
To Heliodorusc. 403

Rumor says you have great influence with the present Prefect of Egypt — and in this case, rumor tells the truth.

synesius cyrene #117
To Pylaemenesc. 403

In Plato, we see Socrates, already advanced in years, still pursuing his intellectual passions.

synesius cyrene #129
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 404

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #18
To Herodes and Martyriusc. 404

In writing a single letter to both of you, I am not at fault.

synesius cyrene #19
To Diogenesc. 404

The blessed Theodorus [a patron of the arts] was during his lifetime a generous host to the citizens of Pentapolis.

synesius cyrene #20
To Antipater, on assuming governorship of Cappadociac. 404

To the Governor.

synesius cyrene #21
To Joannesc. 404

I have come to your assistance many times before.

synesius cyrene #44
To Olympiusc. 404

When I read the letter where you described your illness, I was alarmed at first.

synesius cyrene #97
To Olympiusc. 404

I have adopted a new practice with this letter.

synesius cyrene #99
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 404

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #106
To Troilusc. 404

"Even if there is utter forgetfulness of the dead in Hades, I shall remember there my beloved companion" [Homer,...

synesius cyrene #123
To Nicanderc. 405

Here is a famous epigram of mine — and how could it fail to be famous, when the great Nicander himself has praised it?

synesius cyrene #75
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 405

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #107
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 405

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #108
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 405

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #109
To Olympiusc. 405

Just the other day — during the recent consulship of Aristaenetus [404 AD] and, I forget the name of his colleague —...

synesius cyrene #133
To Anastasiusc. 406

To Anastasius [one of Synesius's closest friends, an important courtier in Constantinople and tutor to the children...

synesius cyrene #22
To Pylaemenesc. 406

I have two letters in circulation addressed to you: I am writing to both Thrace and Isauria at the same time, hoping...

synesius cyrene #71
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 406

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #110
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 406

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #113
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 406

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #114
To Pylaemenesc. 406

Know that the definitions of geometry are infallibly true.

synesius cyrene #131
To Pylaemenesc. 406

I received your letter in which you again accuse Fortune of mistreating you.

synesius cyrene #134
To Joannesc. 407

If you want to live without fear, you should fear the law.

synesius cyrene #2
To Theotimusc. 407

Hiero [tyrant of Syracuse] gained more from his relationship with the poet Simonides than Simonides gained from...

synesius cyrene #49
To Joannesc. 407

One should use the friendship of the powerful, but not abuse it.

synesius cyrene #63
To Joannesc. 407

Do not ask for great things.

synesius cyrene #64
To Doctor Theodorusc. 407

To the Doctor Theodorus.

synesius cyrene #115
To Troilusc. 407

If you have heard of the late Maximinianus — he spent a great deal of time at court — you are certainly aware that...

synesius cyrene #118
To Tryphoc. 407

Whatever you did for Diogenes — and I know you are capable of doing much — will be nothing new.

synesius cyrene #119
To Pylaemenesc. 407

I believe that even in your Heraclea, no one is ignorant of the name of our fellow countryman, the philosopher...

synesius cyrene #150
To Pylaemenesc. 407

Tell me: do you still stand firm in philosophy — the Pylaemenes I left behind, the newly initiated soul, the divine...

synesius cyrene #151
To Diogenesc. 408

The luxury of Syria is making you forget your friends and relatives.

synesius cyrene #23
To Simpliciusc. 408

A man's feelings should not rise and fall with the turns of fortune, and the memory of old friends should never seem...

synesius cyrene #24
To Pylaemenesc. 408

You are quite right to return to the capital.

synesius cyrene #48
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 408

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #122
To Philosopherc. 408

To the Philosopher [Hypatia].

synesius cyrene #124
To Olympiusc. 408

I have neglected my duty to pay tribute, but what could I do?

synesius cyrene #148
To Olympiusc. 408

Though absent, you live always present in our memory.

synesius cyrene #149
To Constansc. 409

If you hold the virtue of philosophy in esteem, you will honor it not only in the living but also in the dead.

synesius cyrene #27
To Brotherc. 409

To my Brother [Euoptius].

synesius cyrene #105
To Troilusc. 409

You ask how many lines Dioscorus declaims every day?

synesius cyrene #111
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 409

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #125
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 409

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #127
To Simpliciusc. 409

When you asked Cerialis to bring me your congratulations, you did him an unintended favor — you kept me ignorant for...

synesius cyrene #130
To Pylaemenesc. 409

A letter arrives from you once a year, as though the seasons themselves deliver it.

synesius cyrene #153
To Domitian juristc. 409

I know from the facts themselves that your greatest pleasure lies in doing good, and that you are always ready to...

synesius cyrene #155
To Domitian juristc. 409

Righteous causes always need allies, and those who come to their rescue may count themselves fortunate — since they...

synesius cyrene #156
To Eldersc. 410

To the Elders.

synesius cyrene #11
To Auxentiusc. 410

To Auxentius [a childhood friend with whom Synesius was trying to mend a quarrel].

synesius cyrene #60
To Olympiusc. 410

I call as witness the divinity honored by both philosophy and friendship: I would have preferred many deaths to the...

synesius cyrene #96
To Auxentiusc. 410

To Auxentius [a childhood friend with whom Synesius was ending a quarrel].

synesius cyrene #116
To Athanasius of Alexandriac. 410

Odysseus tried to persuade Polyphemus to let him out of the cave.

synesius cyrene #121
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 410

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #132
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 410

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #135
To Alethius, (brother of Florentius)c. 410

To my Brother.

synesius cyrene #136
To Theophilusc. 411

Most holy and wise prelate — may you enjoy a long and comfortable old age!

synesius cyrene #9
To Troilusc. 411

Even if neither the people of Cyrene nor the neighboring towns give you the gratitude you deserve for the fact that...

synesius cyrene #26
To Anysiusc. 411

Joannes [a mutual friend of ours who, after an illness that left him unfit for military service, entered a...

synesius cyrene #37
To Cledoniusc. 411

One of my relatives is suffering an injustice.

synesius cyrene #42
To Theotimusc. 411

Consider Peter as well: the scourge of Pentapolis, a man who breaks its laws without method.

synesius cyrene #47
To Theophilusc. 411

Since I am about to put a question to you, let me first explain the background.

synesius cyrene #66
To Theophilusc. 411

I act on your instructions because it is my desire — and a divine necessity compels me — to treat as law whatever...

synesius cyrene #67
To Theophilusc. 411

The man carrying this letter has been sent on a piece of business that piety does not allow me to describe.

synesius cyrene #68
To Avitus of Viennec. 411

To the Bishops.

synesius cyrene #72
To Theophilusc. 411

The Olbiates — a village community — were required to elect a bishop to replace the blessed father Athamas, who died...

synesius cyrene #76
To Anysiusc. 411

Light and darkness do not wait for each other — by a law of nature, they avoid one another.

synesius cyrene #77
To Anysiusc. 411

Nothing could benefit Pentapolis more than honoring the Unnigardae [a barbarian military unit], who are excellent...

synesius cyrene #78
To Anastasiusc. 411

I have not been able to do anything for the presbyter Evagrius — nor for anyone else who came to me for help during...

synesius cyrene #79
To Theophilusc. 411

Justice has departed from humanity.

synesius cyrene #90
To Troilusc. 411

In the old days, when I wrote to friends, our exchanges were carefree.

synesius cyrene #91
To Hesychiusc. 411

The Athenians praised Themistocles because, although he loved political power as much as any man of his time, he...

synesius cyrene #93
To Anysiusc. 411

The moment I heard the bad news from Cyrene — that the enemy were approaching — I thought of writing to you in...

synesius cyrene #94
To Herculianc. 411

There are loves with earthly, human origins — detestable and ephemeral, measured only by the presence of their...

synesius cyrene #140
To Herculianc. 411

Do not be surprised that I am sending two letters with the same messenger.

synesius cyrene #141
To Herculianc. 411

Reading your letter, I recognize Odysseus at once.

synesius cyrene #142
To Avitus of Viennec. 412

To the Bishops.

synesius cyrene #5
To Anysiusc. 412

This Carnas is taking his time.

synesius cyrene #6
To Peter Elderc. 412

May God direct my every deed and word.

synesius cyrene #13
To Anysiusc. 412

So this is how sons defend their fathers!

synesius cyrene #14
To Simpliciusc. 412

God declares that we should forgive debts owed to us [Matthew 6:12].

synesius cyrene #28
To Olympiusc. 412

Evil men from outside are troubling our Church.

synesius cyrene #45
To Emperorc. 412

To Anastasius [one of Synesius's dearest friends, tutor to Emperor Arcadius's children].

synesius cyrene #46
To Anysiusc. 412

The man carrying this letter is a philosopher at heart but a lawyer by profession.

synesius cyrene #59
To Theophilusc. 412

You care for Pentapolis — you truly do.

synesius cyrene #69
To Theophilusc. 412

I was prepared to place my hand and my judgment at the service of your fatherly command.

synesius cyrene #80
To Herculianc. 412

You have not kept your promise, my dear friend — the promise that you would not reveal things that should remain hidden.

synesius cyrene #143
To Herculianc. 412

Phoebammon, who will give you this letter, is an honest man, a friend of mine, and a victim of injustice.

synesius cyrene #144
To Herculianc. 412

One of my slaves has run away.

synesius cyrene #145
To Joannesc. 412

To Joannes [a mutual friend who, after illness left him unfit for military service, entered a monastery].

synesius cyrene #147
To Chryso-c. 412

For everyone else, spring is delightful because it covers the earth with flowers and turns the whole countryside...

synesius cyrene #157
To Chryso-c. 412

Odysseus, after receiving from Aeolus the stored-up winds, was approaching rocky Ithaca and could already hear the...

synesius cyrene #158
To Aristoxenus philosopherc. 413

To the Philosopher [Hypatia, the famous mathematician, astronomer, and Neoplatonist philosopher in Alexandria, later...

synesius cyrene #10
To Cyril Of Alexandriac. 413

Go, brother Cyril, to your mother Church — from which you were not excommunicated, only separated for a period...

synesius cyrene #12
To Andronicus, a generalc. 413

To the General.

synesius cyrene #62
To Proclus, of Constantinoplec. 413

For the past year, no letter has come from your sacred hand, and I count that among the many calamities that have...

synesius cyrene #70
To Philosopherc. 413

To the Philosopher [Hypatia].

synesius cyrene #81
To Asclepiodotusc. 413

The cry of grief comes naturally, but — why grieve?

synesius cyrene #126
To Herculianc. 413

The desire to strengthen your hallowed soul made me write to you in criticism of your excessive longing to be with me.

synesius cyrene #146
To Philosopherc. 413

To the Philosopher [Hypatia].

synesius cyrene #154